Secondary optical element design for intracorporeal LED illumination system.

In this Letter, we propose an intracorporeal illumination system for providing uniform and wide-field illumination during minimally invasive surgery. The illumination system is comprised of an Alexis wound retractor, a set of LEDs, and secondary optical elements (SOEs). The SOE was composed of a Fresnel lens and a total internal reflection lens, which was designed to improve the optical performance of the LED. The results of simulation demonstrate that the optical efficiency of each LED with an SOE could be increased from 33.6% to 82.9%. To avoid damage to human tissue by thermal effect, the number of LEDs with SOEs was optimized. The results indicate that our design to be applicable for practical surgery.